Znaczenie diagnozy pozytywnej w pracy z osobą z niepełnosprawnością – refleksja z perspektywy psychopedagogicznej

In the article, the author presents the basic assumptions of positive diagnosis that can be used in work with the disabled. It assumes that one of the most important factors determining the effectiveness of the development support process is a correctly implemented diagnostic process, immanently linked to helping disabled people integrate into the social world and overcome developmental problems resulting from their disability. In the positive approach to diagnosis proposed by the author, various categories of the diagnostic description of a person and their environment are important, such as multidimensionality (various spheres of functioning), continuity (development process in the full life cycle), orientation of individual development (prosocial, pro-development vs. developmentally destructive), and, above all, the need to discover one’s resources (potentials).The author also presents the process and models of supporting the development of people with disabilities.This approach locates the processes of diagnosis and help in the basic paradigm of positive psychology (salutogenesis), focusing on the self-creation and social integration of individuals with disability, while at the same time, stressing the need to identify the potential of the individual (positive diagnosis).Autorka prezentuje w artykule podstawowe założenia diagnozy pozytywnej, możliwej do wykorzystania w pracy z osobami niepełnosprawnymi. Wychodzi z założenia, że jednym z najważniejszych czynników warunkujących efektywność procesu wspierania rozwoju jest prawidłowo realizowany proces diagnostyczny, immanentnie powiązany z procesem pomagania osobom niepełnosprawnym w integrowaniu się ze światem społecznym i w pokonywaniu problemów rozwojowych wynikających z ich niepełnosprawności. W proponowanym przez autorkę pozytywnym podejściu do diagnozy istotne są różne kategorie opisu diagnostycznego człowieka i świata jego życia: wielowymiarowość (różne sfery funkcjonowania i obszary), ciągłość (proces rozwoju w pełnym cyklu życia), ukierunkowanie rozwoju jednostki (prospołeczny, prorozwojowy vs. destrukcyjny rozwojowo), a także przede wszystkim konieczność odkrywania jego zasobów (potencjałów). Autorka prezentuje również proces i modele wsparcia rozwoju osób z niepełnosprawnością. Ujęcie to lokuje procesy diagnozy i pomocy w podstawowym dla poznania człowieka paradygmacie psychologii pozytywnej (salutogeneza), skoncentrowanej na autokreacji i społecznej integracji jednostki z niepełnosprawnością, co jednocześnie wyznacza konieczność identyfikacji specyficznych potencjałów jednostki (diagnoza pozytywna)

Experiencing Life and Problem-Solving Strategies from the Perspective of Disabled Youth vs Disabled Adults

The article is a short report compiled on the basis of the survey research focusing on disabled people’s conceptions of their own everyday life and of social attitudes towards impairment. The survey examined the ways of experiencing life, with regard to the following categories: self-perception; perceiving environmental attitudes towards visible disability; emotional and behavioural reactions to the patterns of behaviour displayed by the environment; assessing one’s own relations with other people; making an overall evaluation of the society’s approach to disability. The author also presents three main theoretical theses regarding shaping social attitudes towards the disabled, as well as outlines the leading strategies which people with disabilities employ in order to cope with critical situations. These are constructive and destructive strategies, related to young people’s approach to life – a positive attitude (encouraging development) and a negative one (hindering development)

Family in the perception and experience of suitably and unsuitably adapted young people : comparative analysis

Autorki dokonują analizy mechanizmów zaburzeń w przystosowaniu społecznym młodzieży gimnazjalnej związanych z jakością środowiska rodzinnego – strukturą rodziny w ujęciu systemowym (koncepcja Davida Fielda). W koncepcji tej wskazuje się pięć typów sturktury rodzinnej, decydujących o jej funkcjonalności (rodzina prawidłowa) lub dysfunkcjonalności (struktura chaotyczna, władzy, uwikłana, nadopiekuńcza). Autorki postawiły dwie hipotezy, które sprawdziły wykorzystując test t-studenta dla dwóch prób niezależnych i zależnych: pierwsza dotyczyła zróżnicowania sposobu funkcjonowania społecznego młodzieży gimnazajlnej (zaburzenia emocjonalne i behawioralne) wyznaczanej strukturą rodziny (dysfunkcjonalnością i jej typami), druga dotyczyła różnicującego znaczenia sposobu pełnienia ról rodzicielskich (matki i  ojca) dla procesu społecznej adaptacji młodzieży. Obie hipotezy zostały pozytywnie zweryfikowane: cechy rodziny prawidłowej ograniczają (hamują) proces wadliwego przystosowania (czynnik chroniący), zaś cechy rodziny dysfunkcyjnej proces ów wzmacniają (czynniki ryzyka zaburzeń): największe znaczenie mają tu cechy rodziny chaotycznej, następnie rodziny uwikłanej i  rodziny władzy, najmniejsze zaś rodziny nadopiekuńczej. W  kontekście ról rodzicielskich największe znaczenie dla procesu dewiacyjnego ma chaotyczna matka i uwikłany ojciec; cechy rodziny władzy mają tu niewielkie znaczenie. Największe znaczenie dla pozytywnej adaptacji mają cechy matki właściwe dla rodziny prawidłowej. Różnice w  postawie nadopiekuńczej matki i  ojca nie mają znaczenia dla jakości funkcjonowania społecznego badanej młodzieży.The authors present an analysis of the mechanisms of social adjustment disorders amongst high school students, related to the quality of their family environment (David Field). The framework chosen to show five types of family structure, show how structure determines family functionality or dysfunction. The authors construct two hypotheses, verified using the T-test of two independent and dependent variables: the first concerns differentiation of the social functioning of youth in different family structures and the second the importance of differentiating parental roles in the process of social adaptation of young people. The hypotheses are positively verified. Limiting features of family are: breakdown, faulty process of adaptation, risk factors of disorders. Main factors identified are: chaotic’ family and family with implicit power, the overprotective family is the least significant factor. Parental roles and characteristics of parents narrow down to significance of positive features of the mother

Adjustment disorders of youth and parenting styles in families

Autorki dokonują analizy mechanizmów zaburzeń w przystosowaniu społecznym młodzieży gimnazjalnej związanych ze stylami wychowania w rodzinie (styl demokratyczny, styl autokratyczny, styl liberalny kochający i niekochający). Postawiono dwie hipotezy: pierwsza dotyczyła zróżnicowania sposobu funkcjonowania społecznego młodzieży gimnazjalnej (zaburzenia emocjonalne i behawioralne) wyznaczanej stylami wychowania w rodzinie, druga dotyczyła różnicującego znaczenia sposobu pełnienia ról rodzicielskich (matki i ojca) dla procesu społecznej adaptacji młodzieży. Obie hipotezy zostały pozytywnie zweryfikowane: styl demokratyczny i liberalny kochający hamują proces wadliwego przystosowania (czynnik chroniący), zaś styl autokratyczny i liberalny niekochający proces ów wzmacniają (czynnik ryzyka zaburzeń) - największe znaczenie ma tu styl liberalny niekochający, następnie styl autokratyczny, mniejszą rolę odgrywają styl liberalny kochający i demokratyczny. W kontekście ról rodzicielskich największe znaczenie dla procesu dewiacyjnego ma deficyt stylu demokratycznego matki.The authors the analysis of mechanisms of social adjustment disorders in high school students related to parenting styles in the family (democratic, autocratic, liberal loving and liberal unloving). The authors posed two hypotheses : the first concerned the differentiation of social functioning of youth people (emotional and behavioral disorders) determination of parenting styles in the family. The second concerned theimportance of differentiating the way parental roles (mother and father) for the process of social adaptation of young people. Both hypotheses were positively verified : styles democratic and liberal loving suppress thedefective adaptation (a protective factor), while the style of autocratic and liberal unloving enhance this process (risk factor disorders) - the most important is the liberal unloving style, then autocratic style, a smaller role liberal loving and democratic styles. In the context of parental roles greatest importance for the process of deviant has a deficit of democratic style mother

Doświadczanie życia w młodości - problemy, kryzysy i strategie ich rozwiązywania: próba opisu strukturalno-funkcjonalnego modelu życia preferowanego przez młodzież z perspektywy pedagogiki społecznej

The author’s attempt to provide a description of a structural and functional model of life, most popular with young people – a social pedagogy perspective This book attempts to characterize the phenomenon of youth and the way young people experience life. The problems confronting the young generation have been examined from an interdisciplinary perspective, which is characteristic of the social pedagogy approach. The publication aims at analyzing selected elements that are inherent in the process of experiencing life at a young age, and which have the status of self-knowledge, that is to say self-perception, perceiving one’s own problems and crisis phenomena, ways of coping with them, self-creation mechanisms, and developmental consequences arising from the way that young people experience their own life at a peculiar developmental age (“middle” and “late” adolescence). The first chapter interprets human life as a category of experiencing and visualizing; it focuses on identifying the main elements of human existence, as well as selected developmental dilemmas; and provides characteristics of the development process and its fundamental mechanisms. The second chapter deals with the category of young age, which has been regarded as a psycho-social phenomenon; and it outlines the most important problems specific to this period of development. Chapter three investigates the potential sources and kinds of self-creation problems, experienced by young people; and it characterizes young generation on the basis of selected results of the studies conducted in the previous decades. The next chapter contains detailed theoretical and methodological assumptions of the conducted examination. It outlines theoretical assumptions of the model of research on young people’s life, conducted from the perspective of social pedagogy, which is followed by the model of research investigating young people’s experiences and ideas concerning the shape of their own life. Chapter five, which is analytical and interpretative in character, exemplifies the ways young people perceive, visualize and experience themselves and their own life. The exemplification is drawn from the opinions expressed by young generation. In the last chapter the author attempts to present a model description of educational and creative activities, aimed at supporting the development of young people, which are grounded in analytical and empirical analysis, and compliant with the social pedagogy paradigm of activity. The book ends with a general reflection on the issues related to pedagogical activity, examined in the context of the peculiar character of young people’s development, and the specificity of social and cultural conditions in which the process takes place

Konteksty rozwojowe i społeczne rodziny w perspektywie doświadczeń i przekonań młodego pokolenia – analiza teoretyczna i empiryczne egzemplifikacje

(...) "Młode pokolenie we współczesnym świecie, nazywanym ponowoczesnym, narażone jest na coraz więcej zagrożeń, zaś za jeden z podstawowych czynników ich narastania należy przyjąć rodzinę, która nie oparła się przemianom wynikającym z globalnych przeobrażeń." (...

Standardy etyczne i profesjonalne w pracy pedagoga-diagnosty w kontekście obszarów diagnozy pedagogicznej

The author presents basic standards determining the course of diagnostic process in pedagogy and exemplifying the ethical attitude of a pedagogue which result from decision-making character of pedagogic assessment. The author divides the standards into basic i.e. related to axiological ethics (ethicalprofessional standards determined by respect and acknowledgement of basic values which the author catalogues) and derivative i.e. related to prescriptive ethics (practical rules of pedagogue’s ethical conduct determining the quality of the diagnostic process and the quality of its results). Ethical and praxeological rules resulting from axiological ethics are organised by the author by distinguishing their three categories: general rules of cognition (general rules in the process of educative reality cognition; rules of practical decision-making assessment); ethical rules of the assessment (rules determining personal-formal competences; rules determining indispensable interpersonal and relational competences) and the rules of methodology of action (rules determining pragmatics and methodology of intervention effects; rules determining effectiveness of modification process)

The young generation in the imagological culture – developmental challenges and threats

In this article, the author presents the basic problems experienced by young people in the imaglogical culture. She indicates the main trends in the development of the young generation determined by the influence of new communication and information technologies (ICT). She indicates the main sources and mechanisms resulting from the impact of image culture and its consequences for the new generation’s development. This article is an attempt to analyze the lifeworld of the young generation in conditions created by new media

Diagnoza pozytywna w resocjalizacji : model teoretyczny i metodologiczny

This book proposes a theoretical-methodological approach to resocialization diagnosis from a positive perspective. The author presents theoretical assumptions of positive diagnosis in resocialization and creates its methodological model. Her starting point is the belief that a well-conducted diagnostic process, inherently linked with the process of resocialization, belongs to the most important factors which determine the effectiveness of the latter. Her standpoint is that both processes should be carried out within the same theoretical-methodological paradigm; she points out that diagnosis serves as the basis for planning resocialization activities, which are directly tied to its results. Moreover, diagnosis is further developed in the course of resocialization, while methods used are subject to modification during the whole process. In the conceptualisation of the area, scope and object of resocialization diagnosis, the author took into consideration assumptions which follow from: a) the concept of personality as a system of interdependencies, where individual development is treated as an unstable process, influenced by many contradictory internal and external forces; b) the idea of a dynamic “system of attitudes towards the world,” which implies a psychological perspective on the subject of its interest, that is a human being in the process of self-development; c) the concept of resilience, which refers to the processes and mechanisms conducive to a proper (positive) functioning of an individual — despite life’s adversities, risk factors, developmental hazards, and traumatic past experiences; and d) the concept of salutogenesis, which harks back to the transactional theory of stress. This view calls for an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis in resocialization, which would encompass data from the field of psychology and social pedagogy, developmental psychology and health, special needs education and biosciences. From this perspective the object of resocialization diagnosis are multifarious conditions which determine the process of “shaping” the human being or, more specifically, problems in his or her development throughout the life cycle, including environmental, cultural and personal factors. In the positive approach to resocialization diagnosis proposed by the author, various categories of diagnostic description of an individual are important, such as multidimensionality (various areas of activity), continuity (development throughout the life cycle), orientation of individual development (prosocial, prodevelopmental vs. antisocial, destructive) and, most importantly, necessity to discover individual resources (potential). The proposed approach situates the diagnostic process in the paradigm of positive psychology and positive resocialization, basic to human cognition, which focus on autocreation and creative resocialization, at the same time pointing out the necessity to identify the unique potential of an individual (positive diagnosis). The book comprises two chapters. The first one presents the theoretical assumptions of resocialization diagnosis; the second chapter explains its methodological premises. The models presented by the author (so called complementary approach) assume the priority of positive diagnosis (focused on resources and potential) and a supplementary role of negative diagnosis (focused on deficits and disorders). Chapter One (“Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — general theoretical assumptions”) comprises: a) a description of the main approaches in resocialization diagnosis — pathogenic and salutogenic — with their specific ways of explaining adaptive disorders; and b) a description of the major factors and problems in diagnosis for resocialization. On the whole, the author adopts the approach typical of salutogenesis to explain adaptive disorders. She also provides evidence that it is possible to implement the concepts of positive psychology in resocialization diagnosis. She presents resocialization models which refer to resilience and salutogenesis, using them as the theoretical foundation of positive diagnosis in resocialization: the risk model, the well being model and models which support development. As a result, she creates a complementary model of supporting development. In Chapter Two (“Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — narrowing down on the theoretical and methodological assumptions), the reader is introduced to the theoretical problems of social maladaptation and to the specific objects of positive and negative diagnosis. The author describes adaptive disorders in the context of basic markers, dimensions and mechanisms of human development on the one hand and developmental disorders on the other, focusing mainly on the cognitive mechanisms of development and psychopathology of developmental disorders (cognitive distortions). She analyses the environmental and sociocultural context of development and demonstrates a risk factor model and a protective factor model. It is against this background that she creates a complementary methodological model of resocialization diagnosis, in which positive diagnosis (salutogenic approach) is treated as primary, and negative diagnosis (pathogenic approach) as supplementary. A discussion of the model of resocialization diagnosis closes with remarks on the markers and characteristic features of a resocialization pedagogue’s ethics of conduct — the teacher acting both as a diagnostician and a tutor who fosters the process of inner transformation of a socially maladapted individual